Who were notable philosophers associated with the intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that focused on reason and science to improve society?

The focus on reason and science during the 18th century, particularly during the Age of Enlightenment, is exemplified by the work of thinkers associated with the chosen option. John Locke is known for his theories on governance and the social contract, emphasizing the importance of individual rights and empiricism. Voltaire advocated for civil liberties, including freedom of religion and expression, and criticized societal injustices through wit and satire. Montesquieu contributed significantly to the political landscape with his ideas on the separation of powers, which influenced modern democratic systems.

These philosophers collectively championed the use of reason as a means to promote social progress and informed government, aligning closely with Enlightenment ideals. Their works laid the foundation for modern political and philosophical thought, making them pivotal figures in this intellectual movement. The other groups of thinkers, while influential in their own rights, either predate the Enlightenment, focus on distinct philosophical traditions, or address different social theories that do not align with the central themes of reason and science prevalent during the 18th century Enlightenment.