Which political theory states that human actions and institutions are driven by economic factors and class struggle?

Marxism is the political theory that profoundly emphasizes the role of economic factors and class struggle in shaping human actions and institutions. This theory, established by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, posits that the economic structure of society underpins its social, political, and ideological superstructure. According to Marxism, history is characterized by the struggles between different social classes, primarily between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (the working class). This perspective highlights how economic conditions influence societal behaviors, relationships, and institutional developments, reinforcing the idea that economic power leads to political and cultural power.

The other theories, while significant in their own rights, do not focus specifically on economic factors and class struggle. Absenteeism relates to individuals' nonparticipation or attendance in activities, typically in a work or educational context. Empiricism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes knowledge coming from sensory experience, rather than economic influences or class struggle. Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their outcomes, particularly the principle of maximizing happiness, but it does not specifically address the impact of economic structures and class dynamics.