Which of the following is considered an early civilization known for its contributions to alphabets and mathematics?

The early civilization known for its significant contributions to alphabets and mathematics is Mesopotamia. This region, often referred to as the "cradle of civilization," was home to some of the earliest writing systems, including cuneiform, which was developed by the Sumerians. This writing was essential not only for record-keeping but also for the development of literature, law, and trade.

In terms of mathematics, the Mesopotamians made groundbreaking advancements, including the use of a base-60 number system that influences how we measure time today (60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour) and their early use of geometry in fields like agriculture and architecture. Their scholarly contributions laid foundational concepts that would shape future civilizations.

While each of the other civilizations also made notable contributions in various fields, the emphasis on a distinctive early alphabet system and mathematics is most closely associated with Mesopotamia.