Which event in the 16th century led to the establishment of Protestant churches and was initiated by Martin Luther?

The establishment of Protestant churches in the 16th century was primarily spurred by the Protestant Reformation, which was initiated by Martin Luther's actions, particularly his famous Ninety-Five Theses in 1517. Luther challenged the practices of the Catholic Church, particularly the sale of indulgences and the authority of the pope, which sparked a movement advocating for reform in the Church. This movement laid the groundwork for the formation of various Protestant denominations, emphasizing individual interpretation of the Scriptures and the importance of faith over works.

The Protestant Reformation marked a significant shift in the religious landscape of Europe, leading to the growth of different Protestant churches such as Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism. Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church's teachings encouraged others to question ecclesiastical authorities, resulting in a widespread religious transformation that contributed to the political, social, and cultural developments of the period.

Events like the French Revolution, English Revolution, and Scientific Revolution, while significant in their own right, did not directly relate to the establishment of Protestant churches or the initial actions taken by Martin Luther during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation stands out as the pivotal event that reshaped Christianity and laid the foundations for modern Protestantism.