Which early civilization is known for its significant advancements in grain cultivation and long-distance trade?

Mesopotamia is widely recognized for its significant advancements in grain cultivation and long-distance trade. This civilization, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, benefited from fertile land that allowed for the cultivation of a variety of grains, which became a staple of their economy. The development of agriculture in this region facilitated not only food surplus but also the establishment of trade networks, as surplus grains could be exchanged for other goods.

The innovations in irrigation techniques further enhanced agricultural productivity, allowing farmers to cultivate more land and grow crops more efficiently. Additionally, Mesopotamia had access to various materials and resources outside its immediate geography, leading to extensive trade routes that connected them with neighboring regions. This aspect of their economy created a thriving trading culture that was essential for their growth and influence.

In contrast, while the Indus Valley civilization and ancient Egypt also advanced in agriculture, their notable contributions in trade and cultivation differ from those of Mesopotamia. The Gupta Empire, on the other hand, is recognized for achievements in arts and sciences rather than being primarily known for early agricultural advancements.