Which country was primarily controlled by religious leaders and is an example of a theocracy?

Vatican City is an exemplary case of a theocracy where the governance is directed by religious leaders, specifically the Pope, who holds both spiritual and administrative authority over the state. In this unique political structure, the laws and policies are directly linked to the teachings of the Catholic Church, with the Pope serving as the supreme authority. This system of governance where religious leaders control political decisions illustrates the defining characteristics of a theocracy.

Saudi Arabia, while having a significant influence of religion in governance, operates under a monarchical system where the king holds considerable power and authority; thus, it is not strictly a theocracy. Iran is also a contemporary example of a theocracy, where religious leaders have significant power, especially with the position of the Supreme Leader. Afghanistan's governance has shifted drastically over time, especially with the Taliban, who implement a strict interpretation of Islamic law, but it is not considered a theocracy in the same traditional sense as Vatican City. Each of these countries has religious elements in their governance, but Vatican City's leadership structure distinctly showcases a religious authority as the core of its political system.