What term refers to the phenomenon where countries undergo political and social reforms to emulate Western success?

The correct answer, modernization, refers to the process through which countries adopt new technologies and social structures in an effort to enhance their political and economic systems similar to those found in Western countries. This phenomenon often involves reforms in governance, education, and infrastructure, aimed at improving efficiency and fostering economic growth. Modernization is essential in addressing issues like poverty and inequality as countries strive to improve their citizens' quality of life by learning from the successful experiences of Western nations.

Other terms listed capture different concepts: globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness of economies and cultures across the world, which is broader than just emulating Western models; westernization specifically denotes the adoption of Western culture and values, typically emphasizing cultural aspects rather than the comprehensive reforms associated with modernization; cultural assimilation is the process whereby minority groups adopt the customs and attitudes of the dominant culture, which can be a facet of both westernization and globalization but does not encompass the broader political and social reforms involved in modernization.