What term describes revolutionary movements across several Latin American countries in the early 19th century?

The term that describes the revolutionary movements across several Latin American countries in the early 19th century is "Latin American Revolution." This period was characterized by a wave of independence movements during which many Latin American countries sought to overthrow Spanish colonial rule, influenced by Enlightenment ideals and examples of successful revolutions, such as the American and French Revolutions. Leaders like Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, and Miguel Hidalgo played significant roles in these struggles, which ultimately led to the establishment of multiple sovereign nations in the region from the late 1810s through the 1820s.

The other options do not relate directly to these independence movements; for instance, Spanish colonization refers to the establishment of colonial rule over Latin America rather than its subsequent fight for independence. The Industrial Revolution pertains to economic and technological changes in Europe and North America, not Latin America's quest for autonomy. Lastly, the American Civil War was a specific conflict within the United States, unrelated to the independence movements taking place in Latin America.