What concept advocates that "the ends justify the means" in governance?

The concept that advocates that "the ends justify the means" in governance is realism. Realism, particularly in the context of political theory, emphasizes the importance of power and the outcomes of political actions rather than adhering strictly to ethical norms or moral principles. Realists argue that leaders and states must sometimes engage in unethical or morally questionable actions if those actions serve to achieve significant political outcomes, such as national security or stability. Thus, in a realist framework, the focus is on the consequences of actions and whether the results achieved can validate the methods used, aligning perfectly with the idea that the ends justify the means.

Utilitarianism also deals with outcomes, but it is primarily concerned with maximizing overall happiness and utility for the greatest number of people rather than justifying all means for specific ends. Marxism focuses on class struggle and economic factors as primary drivers of social and political change rather than a broad justification of governance means based on outcomes. Empiricism, on the other hand, emphasizes knowledge based on sensory experience and observable phenomena rather than any specific ethical framework related to governance.

This understanding situates realism squarely within the context of governance where effectiveness can sometimes be prioritized over morality.