What ancient civilization was based in the Ganges Valley and known for its military potency and cultural sophistication?

The Gupta Empire is recognized for its remarkable achievements in art, science, mathematics, and literature during its golden age, which lasted from around the 4th to the 6th centuries CE. Based in the Ganges Valley, this civilization enjoyed a period of extensive political stability and economic prosperity that enabled cultural development. The Guptas were also known for their military strength, which allowed them to expand their influence over northern India and engage with neighboring regions.

The Gupta Empire notably contributed to advancements in various fields, such as the invention of the numeral system used today, significant mathematical concepts, and impressive literary works from poets like Kalidasa. This flourishing of culture and robust military capabilities made the Gupta Empire a prominent civilization in ancient India.

In contrast, the other civilizations mentioned do not align with the specific context of the Ganges Valley or exhibit the same combination of military strength and cultural sophistication during the specified time frame. The Indus Valley Civilization predates the Gupta Empire and was primarily known for its urban planning and trade practices rather than military potency. The Roman Empire, while powerful in its own right, was based around the Mediterranean, and the Ottoman Empire emerged much later, centered in present-day Turkey and the Balkans, focusing on different cultural and military