According to European historical context, what initiated the drastic shift in theological and political alignments during the Protestant Reformation?

The initiation of the drastic shift in theological and political alignments during the Protestant Reformation is primarily attributed to Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. This document, published in 1517 by Martin Luther, criticized the Catholic Church’s practices, particularly the sale of indulgences, which were seen as a means of corrupting the faith for financial gain. Luther's theses sparked widespread debate and led to significant questioning of the Church's authority, ultimately challenging the monolithic control of the Catholic Church over spiritual and political matters in Europe.

As a result of Luther's bold actions, a wave of reformist ideas began to proliferate, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations and significantly altering the religious landscape of Europe. This movement not only had a profound impact on theology but also catalyzed political changes as leaders began to align themselves with Protestant beliefs, promoting a shift away from the Catholic Church. The rise of Protestantism allowed for greater autonomy and established new forms of governance that decentralized the power traditionally held by the Church and monarchies.

In contrast, the signing of the Magna Carta, while a substantial event in English history, primarily focused on limiting the powers of the monarchy and establishing certain legal rights. The spread of the Renaissance was more about cultural and